According to the white paper titled Regional Autonomy for EthnicMinorities in China, in 2003, there were 83,726 schools at all levels and of all kinds in ethnic autonomous areas, with a total enrollment of 29.43 million, an increase of five fold compared with 1952, of 29.7 percent compared with 1984 and of 10.6 percent compared with 1994.

There were 1.541 million specialized teachers, an increase of 16 percent compared with 1994. The development of education has greatly extended the years of schooling of the people of ethnic minorities.

The fifth national census, conducted in 2000, showed that the years of schooling of 14 ethnic minorities, including the Korean, Manchu, Mongolian and Kazak groups, were higher than the national average.

By the end of 2003, the ethnic autonomous areas had 15,230 medical institutions, 13 times the number in 1952; 380,000 hospital beds, nearly 67 times the number in 1952; 460,000 medicaltechnicians, almost 26 times the number in 1952; 934 epidemic-control and specialized prevention and treatment institutions; and371 clinics and health centers specially catered to women and children, says the white paper.

In rural areas, there were 7,234 township hospitals, with 55,000 beds. The development of medical services has greatly increased the life expectancy of the ethnic minority people, says the white paper.

The life expectancy of 13 ethnic minorities is higher than the national average, which is 71.40 years, and those of seven of themare higher than the average of the Han people, which is 73.34 years.